The interaction effect of SPMA and sex was analyzed using a complex samples general linear model, adjusting for age, BMI, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, physical activity, smoking status, drinking status, education level, and household income. The diabetes score was defined as a binary variable, with a score of 1 assigned to individuals with diabetes and 0 to those without. This score was applied across four groups: [Female & SPMA (–)], [Female & SPMA (+)], [Male & SPMA (–)], and [Male & SPMA (+)]. SPMA (–) was defined as a low concentration, encompassing the 1st (0%∼33.3%) and 2nd (33.3%∼66.6%) tertiles of SPMA/urine creatinine, while SPMA (+) was defined as a high concentration, corresponding to the 3rd tertile (66.6%∼100%).
Abbreviations: SPMA, S-phenylmercapturic acid; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
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