Changes in oxidative stress markers, inflammatory substances, and metabolism-related hormones in OSA patients and intermittent hypoxic models
| Reference | Type of study |
Type of subjects | Number of subjects or age (for animal) | Type of markers |
Main results | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Franco et al. [53] | Case-control | Human | N=38 (all male) |
Oxidative stress: superoxide, nitrite, nitrate |
∙Superoxide levels were proportional to the severity of OSAS, while serum nitrite and nitrate levels were decreasing in inverse proportion to the severity of OSAS | No |
| Villa et al. [54] | Case-control | Human | N=65, children (mean age 5.9±2.0 years) | Oxidative stress: urinary 8-isoprostane | ∙Urinary 8-isoprostane levels positively correlated with AHI | No |
| Carreras et al. [58] | Experimental | Animal (C57BL/6J mice) | 8 weeks | Metabolism-related hormones: Insulin, leptin Inflammation: M1 macrophage |
∙Higher insulin levels were observed after 8 weeks of intermittent hypoxia ∙Leptin levels were unaltered in intermittent hypoxia, but resveratrol treatment reduced plasma leptin levels ∙The proportion of M1 macrophage were increased after intermittent hypoxia |
Resveratrol |
| Yokoe et al. [72] | Case-control | Human | N=44 (30 OSAS patients and 14 obese control) |
Inflammation: plasma CRP, IL-6 |
∙Levels of CRP and IL-6 were significantly higher in patients with OSAS than in obese control ∙CPAP significantly decreased levels of both CRP and IL-6 |
CPAP |
| Htoo et al. [85] | Case-control | Human | N=22 | Inflammation: NF-kappa B, soluble E-selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 |
∙Neutrophils in mild to moderate and severe OSA patients showed 4.8- and 7.9-fold greater NF-kappaB binding activity compared with control ∙Soluble E-selectin and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule concentrations were reduced by CPAP |
CPAP |
| Ohga et al. [86] | Case-control | Human | N=20 (all male) |
Inflammation: ICAM-1, IL-8, MCP-1 |
∙ICAM-1, IL-8 and MCP-1 were significantly greater than in the controls ∙CPAP treatment decreased the circulating ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1 levels |
CPAP |
| Ciftci et al. [87] | Case-control | Human | N=65 (43 OSAS and 22 obese controls) |
Inflammation: IL-6,TNF-α |
∙Serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in OSAS patients than in controls | No |
| Bingol et al. [88] | Case-control | Human | N=146 (81 females, 65 males) |
Metabolism-related hormones: leptin, adiponectin |
∙Severe OSA patients had lower leptin and adiponectin levels | No |
| Badran M et al. [89] | Experimental | Animal (C57BL/6J mice) | 10 weeks | Oxidative stress: urine 8-OHdG Inflammation: TNF-α |
∙Urinary 8-OHdG levels were higher in mice subjected to intermittent hypoxia when compared to control ∙Plasma TNF-αlevels were higher in mice subjected to intermittent hypoxia ∙Treatment of dietary alpha lipoic acid lowered systemic oxidative and inflammation |
Alpha lipoic acid |
Abbreviations: AHI, apnea hypopnea index; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CRP, c-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.
